Archimedes Principle Essays - Fluid Mechanics, Fluid Dynamics

Archimedes Principle Essays - Fluid Mechanics, Fluid Dynamics Archimedes Principle Physics 202 Professor Lee Carkner Lecture 2 PAL #1 Fluids Column of water to produce 1 atm of pressure P = rgh P = r = 1000 kg/m3 g = 9.8 m/s2 h = P/rg = Double diameter, pressure does not change On Mars pressure would decrease Mars has smaller value of g Archimedes Principle What happens if you put an object in a fluid? Called the buoyant force If you measure the buoyant force and the weight of the displaced fluid, you find: An object in a fluid is supported by a buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid it displaces Applies to objects both floating and submerged Will it Float? Density An object less dense than the fluid will float A floating object displaces fluid equal to its weight A sinking object displaces fluid equal to its volume Floating How will an object float? The volume of fluid displaced is proportional to the ratio of the densities Example: ice floating in water, riVig=rwVwg Vw=Vi (ri/rw) rw = 1024 kg/m3 and ri = 917 kg/m3 Ideal Fluids Steady Incompressible density is constant Nonviscous Irrotational constant velocity through a cross section The ideal fluid approximation is usually not very good Moving Fluids What happens if the pipe narrows? Avr = constant If the density is constant then, Av= constant = R = volume flow rate Constricting a flow increases its velocity Because the amount of fluid going in must equal the amount of fluid going out Or, a big slow flow moves as much mass as a small fast flow Continuity R=Av=constant is called the equation of continuity You can use it to determine the flow rates of a system of pipes Cant lose or gain any material The Prancing Fluids How can we keep track of it all? The laws of physics must be obeyed Neither energy nor matter can be created or destroyed Bernoullis Equation Consider a pipe that bends up and gets wider at the far end with fluid being forced through it Wg = -Dmg(y2-y1) = -rgDV(y2-y1) The work of the system due to pressure is, Wp=Fd=pAd=DpDV=-(p2-p1)DV D(1/2mv2)=1/2rDV(v22-v12) p1+(1/2)rv12+rgy1=p2+(1/2)rv22+rgy2 Consequences of Bernoullis Fast moving fluids exert less pressure than slow moving fluids This is known as Bernoullis principle Energy that goes into velocity cannot go into pressure Note that Bernoulli only holds for moving fluids Bernoulli in Action Blowing between two pieces of paper Convertible top bulging out Airplanes taking off into the wind Lift If the velocity of the flow is less on the bottom than on top there is a net pressure on the bottom and thus a net force pushing up If you can somehow get air to flow over an object to produce lift, what happens? Deriving Lift Use Bernoullis equation: pt+1/2rvt2=pb+1/2rvb2 The difference in pressure is: pb-pt=1/2rvt2-1/2rvb2 (Fb/A)-(Ft/A)=1/2r(vt2-vb2) L= ()rA(vt2-vb2) Next Time Read: 15.1-15.3 Homework: Ch 14, P: 37, 42, 47, Ch 15, P: 6, 7 Which of the following would decrease the pressure you exert on the floor the most? Doubling your mass Doubling the mass of the earth Doubling your height Doubling the size of your shoes Doubling air pressure Which of the following would increase the pressure of a column of fluid of fixed mass the most? Doubling the width of the column Halving the density of the fluid Halving the mass of the Earth Halving the speed of the Earths rotation Doubling the height of the column Summary: Fluid Basics Density =r=m/V Pressure=p=F/A On Earth the atmosphere exerts a pressure and gravity causes columns of fluid to exert pressure Pressure of column of fluid: p=p0+rgh For fluid of uniform density, pressure only depends on height Summary: Pascal and Archimedes Pascal pressure on one part of fluid is transmitted to every other part Hydraulic lever A small force applied for a large distance can be transformed into a large force over a short distance Fo=Fi(Ao/Ai) and do=di(Ai/Ao) Archimedes An object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces Must be less dense than fluid to float Summary: Moving Fluids Continuity the volume flow rate (R=Av) is a constant fluid moving into a narrower pipe speeds up Bernoulli p1+1/2rv12+rgy1=p2+1/2rv22+rgy2 Slow moving fluids exert more pressure than fast moving fluids